In this article we are going to cove a subject that might not be very popular, but it is necessary for our overall health and wellbeing, and it is the prevention of cervical cancer.

We know nobody likes to talk about cancer, but we need to raise awareness about the measures that can be taken to prevent or detect it in early stages when it can be easily defeated.

Cervical cancer has been, historically, one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide.

However, the prevalence and impact of cervical cancer have significantly decreased over the years, largely due to widespread screening programs, early detection, and vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV), a major risk factor for cervical cancer.

The prevalence of cervical cancer varies significantly by region. In developed countries with robust healthcare systems and widespread screening programs, the incidence and mortality rates have declined.

However, in some developing regions with limited access to preventive measures, cervical cancer remains a major health challenge.

Cervical cancer remains a significant global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where access to screening and vaccination may be limited.

In these regions, cervical cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women.

It most commonly affects women in midlife, with the highest incidence observed in women aged 35 to 44. However, cases can occur in women of all ages.

The presence of cervical cancer varies globally, with higher rates in less developed regions where access to screening and vaccination may be limited.

According to global cancer statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), as of the latest available data (2020), cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide.

Following are some key points and statistics regarding the global prevalence of cervical cancer which include:

Incidence

In 2020, there were an estimated 604,000 new cases of cervical cancer globally. 

Cervical cancer accounted for about 3.3% of all new cancer cases among women.

Mortality

In 2020, there were approximately 342,000 deaths from cervical cancer worldwide.

Cervical Statistics

Cervical cancer ranked as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women, accounting for about 7.7% of all female cancer deaths.

Regional Variation

Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates vary significantly by region.

The highest incidence rates are observed in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.

Cervical Statistics

Mortality rates are particularly high in low-income and middle-income countries, where access to screening and healthcare resources may be limited.

But to understand all this we can go back and review our basic anatomy.

What is the cervix?

The cervix is the lower, narrow part of the uterus (womb) that connects the uterus to the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape and is crucial in female reproductive anatomy.

The cervix has several important functions, including:

Passageway for Menstrual Flow

The cervix allows menstrual blood to flow from the uterus into the vagina during menstruation.

Site of Sperm Entry

During sexual intercourse, the cervix serves as the point of entry for sperm into the uterus. The cervical mucus changes in consistency and texture during the menstrual cycle, facilitating or inhibiting the passage of sperm.

Barrier to Infections

The cervix acts as a protective barrier to prevent bacteria and other pathogens from entering the uterus. The cervical mucus plays a role in this protective function.

Support during Pregnancy

In pregnancy, the cervix undergoes changes to support the developing fetus. It remains closed and firm during most of the pregnancy to provide a protective environment for the growing baby.

Role in Labor and Childbirth

During labor, the cervix dilates (opens) to allow the baby to pass from the uterus through the birth canal (vagina). The cervix undergoes significant changes during labor and delivery to facilitate the passage of the baby.

Site of Gynecological Examinations

The cervix is a crucial part of gynecological examinations, such as Pap smears and pelvic exams. These exams help detect abnormalities, including cervical cancer, and assess the overall health of the reproductive organs.

Cervical Mucus Production

The cervix produces mucus that changes in consistency throughout the menstrual cycle. This mucus is involved in fertility and plays a role in sperm transport.

The cervix is located at the end of the vaginal canal and is composed of connective tissue and muscle. It has an external opening, known as the external os, which opens into the vagina, and an internal opening, known as the internal os, which opens into the uterus.

The cervix undergoes changes in position, texture, and openness during the menstrual cycle, influenced by hormonal fluctuations.

What are the main causes of cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is primarily caused by persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a group of viruses that can be transmitted through sexual contact.

While HPV is common and often clears on its own, persistent infection with high-risk types of the virus can lead to changes in the cells of the cervix, eventually progressing to cervical cancer.

Other risk factors and factors that may contribute to the development of cervical cancer include:

Persistent HPV Infection

Infection with high-risk types of HPV, particularly types 16 and 18, is the leading cause of cervical cancer.

HPV is a sexually transmitted infection, and persistent infection can lead to changes in cervical cells.

Lack of HPV Vaccination

The HPV vaccine, when administered before exposure to the virus, can significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer. Lack of vaccination or incomplete vaccination increases the risk of persistent HPV infection.

Early Onset of Sexual Activity

Engaging in sexual activity at an early age increases the risk of exposure to HPV. The immune system may be less effective in clearing the virus in younger individuals.

Multiple Sexual Partners

Having multiple sexual partners or having a partner with multiple sexual partners increases the risk of exposure to HPV and other sexually transmitted infections.

Smoking

Smoking is a significant risk factor for cervical cancer. It not only increases the risk of persistent HPV infection but also contributes to the progression of cervical cell changes.

Weakened Immune System

Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those taking immunosuppressive medications, have a higher risk of developing cervical cancer.

Long-Term Use of Birth Control Pills

Long-term use of oral contraceptives (birth control pills) has been associated with a slightly increased risk of cervical cancer. However, the risk decreases after stopping the use of these contraceptives.

Poor Socioeconomic Status

Limited access to healthcare, including regular cervical screenings (Pap smears), can contribute to late detection and diagnosis of cervical cancer.

Family History

Having a first-degree relative (such as a mother or sister) with a history of cervical cancer may slightly increase the risk.

Certain Sexual and Reproductive Factors

Factors such as multiple full-term pregnancies, young age at first full-term pregnancy, and a weakened cervix due to diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in utero have been associated with an increased risk.

It's important to note that while these factors may increase the risk of cervical cancer, most women with HPV or other risk factors do not develop cervical cancer. Regular cervical screenings, HPV vaccination, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are essential for early detection and prevention.

Vaccination against HPV is a significant preventive measure, especially when administered before the onset of sexual activity.

Screening tests such as Pap smears and HPV tests are crucial for detecting cervical cell changes early, allowing for timely intervention.

Cervical Health Awareness: Empowering Women through Knowledge and Action

Cervical Health Awareness is a crucial government initiative dedicated to educating women about the significance of cervical health, with a primary focus on prevention, screening, and HPV vaccination.

By shedding light on these aspects, the campaign aims to empower women to take proactive steps towards maintaining optimal cervical health and reducing the incidence of cervical cancer.

Their main efforts and activities circle around prevention education, screening awareness (Pap smears and HPV tests), HPV vaccination promotion, dispelling myths, addressing misconceptions and misinformation surrounding cervical health issues, access to health care services, and holistic women's health education.

Cervical Health Awareness serves as a beacon, guiding women toward informed decisions, regular check-ups, and a proactive approach to their cervical health.

Through comprehensive education and community engagement, the campaign aims to contribute to a future where cervical health disparities are minimized, and every woman has the knowledge and resources to prioritize and protect her cervical well-being.

What measures can be taken to prevent cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is largely preventable, and several measures can be taken to reduce the risk of developing the disease. Here are key strategies for preventing cervical cancer:

HPV Vaccination

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is a highly effective preventive measure against cervical cancer. The vaccine targets specific high-risk HPV types that are known to cause cervical cancer and genital warts.

HPV vaccination is most effective when administered before the onset of sexual activity. Many countries have vaccination programs targeting adolescents, typically around the ages of 11 to 12.

Routine Cervical Screenings (Pap Smears/HPV Tests)

Regular cervical screenings, such as Pap smears (Pap tests) and HPV tests, are essential for early detection of cervical cell changes and HPV infection.

These screenings can identify abnormalities before they progress to cancer, allowing for timely intervention and treatment. The frequency of screenings may vary based on factors such as age, previous results, and individual risk factors.

Safe Sexual Practices

Practicing safe sexual behaviors can help reduce the risk of HPV and other sexually transmitted infections. Using barrier methods, such as condoms, during sexual activity can provide some protection against HPV transmission.

Limiting Sexual Partners

Limiting the number of sexual partners and choosing partners who have fewer sexual partners can reduce the risk of exposure to HPV and other sexually transmitted infections.

Quit Smoking

Smoking is a known risk factor for cervical cancer. Quitting smoking can lower the risk of developing cervical cancer and improve overall health.

Healthy Lifestyle Choices

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can contribute to overall well-being and potentially reduce the risk of cervical cancer. This includes eating a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and managing stress.

Early HPV Vaccination for Adolescents

Vaccinating adolescents against HPV at the recommended age (typically around 11 to 12 years) ensures protection before potential exposure to the virus. Early vaccination contributes to long-term immunity.

Regular Health Check-ups

Regular health check-ups and gynecological exams provide an opportunity for healthcare professionals to assess cervical health, discuss risk factors, and recommend appropriate screenings and preventive measures.

Awareness and Education

Raising awareness about cervical cancer, its risk factors, and preventive measures is crucial.

Encouraging women to participate in vaccination programs and routine screenings, as well as promoting overall reproductive health, contributes to early detection and prevention.

CONCLUSION

Cervical cancer is still one of the leading death causes among women, particularly in underprivileged areas.

However, It's important to note that cervical cancer is largely preventable through vaccination against high-risk HPV types and regular cervical screenings that allow for the detection and treatment of precancerous lesions before they progress to cancer.

Public health efforts to improve vaccination coverage, especially in underserved populations, and to increase access to cervical screenings are essential in reducing the global burden of cervical cancer.

It's important for women to participate in regular cervical cancer screenings as recommended by healthcare professionals and, when eligible, to consider HPV vaccination.

Early detection and intervention significantly improve outcomes, and preventive measures are crucial in reducing the global burden of cervical cancer.

All women should consult with their healthcare providers to determine the most suitable prevention strategies based on their age, medical history, and individual risk factors.

Regular health check-ups and open communication with healthcare professionals play a key role in preventing and detecting cervical cancer at an early, more treatable stage.

This article was written by Gloria Albarran